Introduction: Primitive reflexes (PRs) are brainstem-mediated automatic responses that typically disappear in early life, but may reappear in older age, which may be associated with neurodegenerative ...

During sterile injury or infection, the innate immune system produces cytokines as part of the innate immune response. Molecules such as the cytokines tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-1 as well ...

Reflexes are involuntary or automatic movements that are often elicited in response to a stimulus. Reflexes can be evoked to various mechanical, visual/vestibular, auditory and other types of stimuli.

An illustration of a magnifying glass. An illustration of a magnifying glass.