L-type Ca²⁺ currents determine the shape of cardiac action potentials (AP) and the magnitude of the myoplasmic Ca²⁺ signal, which regulates the contraction force. The auxiliary Ca²⁺ channel subunits ...

The ability to modify the intracellular concentrations of divalent calcium ions is vital to normal cell functioning. In the cells of the cardiac muscle, calcium ions play a crucial role in coupling ...

The transverse tubules (t-tubules) are invaginations of the cell membrane rich in several ion channels and other proteins devoted to the critical task of excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac ...

Gastrointestinal motility occurs by the coordinated contractions of the tunica muscula ris, which forms the outer wall of the alimentary canal from the distal oesophagus to the external anal sphincter ...