In the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors study, 1016 seventy-year-olds participated. Blood flow velocity during hyperaemia of the brachial artery by Doppler was analysed.

More information: Alexander D Rodway et al, Estimation of toe brachial index based on forefoot Doppler waveforms, European Heart Journal—Imaging Methods and Practice (2025).

For each artery, we used Doppler ultrasound to measure how quickly blood surged with each heartbeat, a pattern known as the acceleration index. We then compared these results to the standard ...

Coronary flow reserve (CFR) is an important indicator of coronary artery disease and how the coronary arteries adapt to certain physiological conditions.

That’s why a simple, cuff-free Doppler scan that provides a reliable estimate of toe–brachial index is so promising.