The invention that first enabled researchers to see clear images of living cells was the phase-contrast microscope, which won its inventor, Frits Zernike, a Nobel Prize in 1932. Prior to Zernike's ...

The use of high-resolution bright-field microscopy is essential for cellular-scale biological research, but this technique has limitations due to low image contrast. Using dyes on the sample can ...

To carry out their study, the team developed an orientation-independent-differential interference contrast (OI-DIC) microscopy system combined with a confocal laser scanning microscope capable of ...