These bases are the rungs of the DNA ladder. (It takes two bases to form a rung -- one for each side of the ladder.) A sugar molecule, a base, and a phosphate molecule group together to make up a ...

Sunburns and aging skin are obvious effects of exposure to harmful UV rays, tobacco smoke and other carcinogens. But the effects aren't just skin deep. Inside the body, DNA is literally being torn ...

Francis Crick and James Watson with a model of the DNA molecule At midday on 28 February 1953, Francis Crick and James Watson walked into The Eagle pub in Cambridge and announced “We have ...